Formation of super-Earths in icy dead zones around low-mass stars

ABSTRACT While giant planet occurrence rates increase with stellar mass, of close-in super-Earths decrease. This is in contradiction to the expectation that total mass planets a system scale protoplanetary disc and hence mass. Since snow line plays an important role formation process, we examine differences temperature structure gas discs around stars different Protoplanetary likely contain dead zone at mid-plane sufficiently cold dense for magneto-rotational instability be suppressed. As material builds up, outer parts may heated by self-gravity. The can below far from star inner zone. icy region has larger radial extent smaller stars. increased solid allow situ more numerous close low-mass star. Super-Earths form have composition includes significant fraction volatiles.